No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre Summary

No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre Summary Life after death isnt quite what we expected. Hell is not a lake filled with lava, nor is it a torture chamber overseen by pitchfork-wielding demons. Instead, as Jean-Paul Sartres male character famously states: Hell is other people. This theme comes to life painfully for Garcin, a journalist who was killed while trying to flee the country, thus avoiding being drafted into the war effort. The play begins after Garcins death. A valet escorts him into a clean, well-lit room, very similar to that of a modest hotel suite. The audience soon learns that this is the after-life; this is the place Garcin will be spending eternity. At first, Garcin is surprised. He had expected a more traditional, nightmarish version of Hell. The valet is amused but not surprised by Garcins questions, and soon he escorts two other newcomers: Inez, a cruel-hearted lesbian, and Estelle, a heterosexual young woman who is obsessed with appearance (especially her own). As the three characters introduce themselves and ponder their situation, they begin to realize that they have been placed together for a specific purpose: punishment. The Setting The valets entrance and behavior connote that of a hotel suite. However, the cryptic exposition of the valet informs the audience that the characters we meet are no longer alive, and therefore no longer on earth. The valet only appears during the first scene, but he sets the tone of the play. He does not appear self-righteous, nor does he seem to take any pleasure in the long-term punishment in store for the three residents. Instead, the valet he seems good-natured, anxious to partner the three lost souls, and then probably move on to the next batch of new arrivals. Through the valet we learn the rules of No Exits afterlife: The lights never turn off.There is no sleep.There are no mirrors.There is a phone, but it rarely works.There are no books or other forms of entertainment.There is a knife, but no one can be physically hurt.At times, residents can view what is happening on earth. Main Characters Estelle, Inez, and Garcin are the three main characters in this work. Estelle the Child Killer: Of the three residents, Estelle exhibits the most shallow characteristics. One of the first things she desires is a mirror in order to gaze at her reflection. If she could have a mirror, she might be able to happily pass eternity fixated by her own appearance. Vanity is not the worst of Estelles crimes. She married a much older man, not out of love, but out of economic greed. Then, she had an affair with a younger, more attractive man. Worst of all, after giving birth to the younger mans child, Estelle drowned the baby in a lake. Her lover witnessed the act of infanticide, and horrified by Estelles action, he killed himself. Despite her immoral behavior, Estelle does not feel guilty. She simply wants a man to kiss her and admire her beauty. Early on in the play, Estelle realizes that Inez is attracted to her; however, Estelle physically desires men. And since Garcin is the only man in her vicinity for endless eons, Estelle seeks sexual fulfillment from him. However, Inez will always interfere, preventing Estelle from attaining her desire. Inez the Damned Woman: Inez might be the only character of the three who feels at home in Hell. Throughout her life, she accepted even embraced her evil nature. She is a devout sadist, and even though she will be prevented from attaining her desires, she seems to take some pleasure knowing that everyone else around her will join in her misery. During her lifetime, Inez seduced a married woman, Florence. The womans husband (Inezs cousin) was miserable enough to be suicidal but did not the nerve to take his own life. Inez explains that the husband was killed by a tram, making us wonder if she perhaps pushed him. However, since she is the character who feels most at home in this strange Hell, it seems that Inez would be more blatant about her crimes. She does tell her lesbian lover, Yes, my pet, we killed him between us. Yet, she might be speaking figuratively instead of literally. In either case, Florence wakes up one evening and turns on the gas stove, killing herself and the sleeping Inez. Despite her stoic facade, Inez admits that she needs others if only to engage in acts of cruelty. This characteristic implies that she receives the least amount of punishment since she will be spending eternity thwarting Estelle and Garcins attempts at salvation. Her sadistic nature might very well make her the most content among the three, even if she is never able to seduce Estelle. Garcin the Coward: Garcin is the first character to enter Hell. He gets the plays first and last line. At first, he seems surprised that his surroundings dont include hellfire and non-stop torture. He feels that if he is in solitude, left alone to put his life in order, he will be able to handle the rest of eternity. However, when Inez enters he realizes that solitude is now an impossibility. Because no one sleeps (or even blinks) he will always be in view of Inez, and subsequently Estelle as well. Being in full, contrast view is upsetting to Garcin. He has prided himself on being manly. His masochistic ways resulted in his mistreatment of his wife. He also views himself as a pacificist. However, by the middle of the play, he comes to terms with the truth. Garcin simply opposed the war because he was afraid of dying. Instead of calling for pacifism in the face of diversity (and perhaps dying because of his beliefs), Garcin attempted to flee the country and was gunned down in the process. Now, Garcins only hope of salvation (peace of mind) is to be understood by Inez, the only person in Hells waiting room who might be able to relate to him because she understands cowardice.

5 First Steps for Finding Your Roots

5 First Steps for Finding Your Roots Youve decided to dig into your family history but arent sure where to begin? These five basic steps will get you started on the fascinating journey into your past. 1. Begin With Names First names, middle names, last names, nicknames...names often provide an important window into the past. Names in your family tree can be found by looking at old certificates and documents, by asking your relatives, and by looking at family photos and newspaper clippings (wedding announcements, obituaries, etc.). Search especially for maiden names for any female ancestors as they may help identify the parents, taking you back a generation in the family tree. Naming patterns used in the family may also hold a clue to previous generations. Family surnames were often adopted as given names, as were middle names which sometimes indicate the maiden name of a mother or grandmother. Watch also for nicknames, as they may also help you identify your ancestors. Expect to encounter plenty of spelling variations as name spellings and pronounciations generally evolve over time, and the surname your family uses now may not be the same as the one they began with. Names are also often just written down wrong, by people who spelled phonetically, or by individuals trying to transcribe messy handwriting for an index. 2. Compile Vital Statistics As you search for the names in your family tree, you should also gather the vital statistics that go with them. Most importantly you should look for dates and places of births, marriages, and deaths. Again, turn to the papers and photos in your home for clues, and ask your relatives for any details they can provide. If you run across conflicting accounts - two different birth dates for great Aunt Emma, for example - just record them both until more information comes along which helps point to one or the other. 3. Collect Family Stories As you quiz your relatives about names and dates, take time to elicit and write down their stories as well. The history in your family history begins with these memories, helping you to really get to know the people your ancestors were. Among these stories, you may learn of special family traditions or famous family legends that have been passed down from generation to generation. While they will likely contain some creative remembrances and embellishments, family stories generally have some basis in fact, providing clues for further research. 4. Select a Focus After gathering names, dates, and stories about your family, the next step is to choose a specific ancestor, couple, or family line on which to focus your search. You could choose to learn more about your dads parents, an ancestor you were named after, or all descendants of your maternal grandparents. The key here isnt what or who you choose to study, just that it is a small enough project to be manageable. This is especially important if youre just starting out on your family tree quest. People who try to do it all at once tend to get bogged down in details, often overlooking important clues to their past. 5. Chart Your Progress Genealogy is basically one big puzzle. If you dont put the pieces together in just the right way, then youll never get to see the final picture. To make sure your puzzle pieces end up in the proper positions  pedigree charts and family group sheets  can help you record your research data and keep track of your progress. Genealogy software programs are another good option for recording your information and will allow you to print out the data in a nice variety of chart formats. Blank genealogy charts can also be downloaded and printed for free from many different websites. Dont forget to take a little time out to record what youve looked at and what you found (or didnt find)!